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Cardiovascular System: Basics The cardiovascular system comprises the heart and a network of blood vessels (the circulatory system), which transports blood throughout the body.  Some

1. Introduction Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) involve multiple health conditions affecting the functioning of the heart and associated blood vessels. CVDs are one of the world’s

The immune system is the body’s first line of defence against bacteria, viruses and other pathogens, as well as against environmental toxins that may harm

1. Introduction Hormones are commonly known as the body’s chemical messengers, as they regulate the function of multiple organs and tissues across the body. One

1. Introduction – the HPA System Every day, we face multiple challenges, which lead to a wide range of reactions involving various systems in our

1. Introduction Autoimmune diseases involve a broad range of conditions in which the immune system malfunctions and mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues, leading to

Autoimmune diseases involve various conditions where the immune system malfunctions and attacks the body’s healthy cells. Any body part can be affected by autoimmunity, including

1. Introduction: What are Autoimmune Diseases An autoimmune disease is where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells within the body. There are more than

Introduction Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a relatively common pathology affecting the digestive system, particularly the lower portion of the gastrointestinal tract, including the small

1. Introduction Digestive disorders are much more than just bloating or pain in the gut—they usually involve more than one organ and can lead to